反民族主義
反民族主義一般是指對民族主義持批評態度的思想，出發點來自對民族主義的缺點的反思，逆向民族主義、國際主義、外族中心主義等都可能與反民族主義的思想有重合。
語錄
[編輯]- A patriot must always be ready to defend his country against his government.
- 一個愛國者總是時刻準備反對政府、捍衛國家。
- 愛德華·艾比（Edward Abbey）
- It is the patriotic duty of every man to lie for his country.
- 為他的國家說謊是每一個愛國者的職責。
- 阿爾弗雷德·阿德勒（Alfred Adler）
- 愛國主義：名詞，一堆隨時可以被任何野心家所點燃，去照亮他的名字的易燃垃圾。在詹森博士著名的字典中，愛國主義被定義為無賴最後的避難所。帶着對這位開明但有缺陷的詞典編纂家應有的敬意，我斗膽認為愛國主義應該是無賴的第一個避難所。
- Patriotism, n. Combustible rubbish ready to the torch of any one ambitious to illuminate his name. In Dr. Johnson's famous dictionary patriotism is defined as the last resort of a scoundrel. With all due respect to an enlightened but inferior lexicographer I beg to submit it is the first.
- 安布羅斯·比爾斯（Ambrose Bierce）
- To make us love our country, our country ought to be lovely.
- 要讓我們愛我們的國家，我們的國家應該可愛才行。
- 埃德蒙·伯克（Edmund Burke）
- The love of one's country is a splendid thing, but why should love stop at the border?
- 對一個人的國家的愛是美好的事情，但為什麼愛要止於國界？
- 巴勃羅·卡薩爾斯（Pablo Casals）
- I realize that patriotism is not enough. I must have no hatred or bitterness towards anyone.
- 我認識到，愛國主義是不夠的，我還必須不對任何人心懷仇恨與抱怨。
- 艾迪斯·卡維爾（Edith Cavell）
- Nationalism is a Western bourgeois-capitalist phenomenon. It appears in Europe as the rejection of the medieval way of life - religion, a single European church, the Empire, the class organization of society. European nationalism is the same artificial and instrumental construction as other versions of Western ideologies. This is not an alternative to capitalist modernity, this is its direct product.
- Of course, liberalism more fully corresponds to the capitalist system and was originally conceived as globalism, that is, as the spread of the norms and attitudes of the bourgeois system to all mankind. This, incidentally, was well understood by the Marxists. Nationalism, on the other hand, was an intermediate stage when it was necessary to destroy the pan-European institutions of the Middle Ages - Catholicism, the Empire, the class organization of society, and offer something in return for the temporary preservation of the state, already captured by the bourgeois oligarchy. Not surprisingly, nationalism first appeared in Protestant countries, where, starting from Holland and England, we see all three main signs of emerging capitalism (anti-Church, anti-Empire, anti-hierarchy) -renunciation of Rome, fierce opposition to the Habsburgs and the transfer of initiative in the economy and politics from the aristocracy and the priesthood to the class of urban merchants.
- It was the bourgeois anti-traditional - anti-Catholic, anti-estate and anti-imperial - circles of European societies that became the main carriers of nationalism.
- ...
- In any case, nationalism is something purely modern, Western and capitalist.
- 民族主義是一種西方資產階級—資本主義現象。它在歐洲的出現是對中世紀生活方式的否定——宗教、單一的歐洲教會、帝國、以及社會的等級組織。歐洲民族主義與其他西方意識形態的版本一樣，都是一種人為的、工具性的構建。它不是資本主義現代性的替代品，而是其直接產物。
- 當然，自由主義與資本主義體系更加契合，最初也被設計為全球主義，即將資產階級制度的規範和態度擴展到全人類。這一點馬克思主義者也非常清楚。而民族主義則是一個過渡階段，當時有必要摧毀中世紀的泛歐洲機構——天主教、帝國、社會的等級組織，並提供一些替代方案，暫時維持資產階級寡頭早所掌控國家的存在。不出所料，民族主義首先出現在新教國家，從荷蘭和英國開始，我們看到三大資本主義興起的主要特徵（反教會、反帝國、反等級）——拒絕羅馬，激烈反對哈布斯堡王朝，並將經濟和政治的主導權從貴族和神職人員轉移到城市商人階級。
- 正是歐洲社會中那些資產階級反傳統——反天主教、反等級和反帝國的群體，成為了民族主義的主要載體。
- ……
- 無論如何，民族主義是純粹現代、西方和資本主義的。
- 亞歷山大·杜金（Алекса́ндр Ду́гин）
- Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind.
- 民族主義是一種幼稚病，是人類的麻瘋病。
- 阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦（Albert Einstein）
- True patriotism doesn't exclude an understanding of the patriotism of others.
- 真正的愛國主義不排斥對於其他人的愛國主義的理解。
- 伊麗莎白二世（Queen Elizabeth II）
- Bu süreçte kimse bizim karşımıza Kürtlükle de Türklükle de çıkmasın. Biz her türlü milliyetçiliği, ayaklarının altına almış bir iktidarız.
- 在這一過程中，任何人都不應以庫爾德人或土耳其人的身份與我們對抗。我們是一個將各種民族主義踩在腳下的政權。
- 雷傑普·塔伊普·埃爾多安（Recep Tayyip Erdoğan）
- The citizen who criticizes his country is paying it an implied tribute.
- 批評他的國家的公民是在含蓄地為國家作貢獻。
- J·威廉·傅爾布萊特（J. William Fulbright）
- Nationalism is our form of incest, is our idolatry, is our insanity. "Patriotism" is its cult. It should hardly be necessary to say, that by "patriotism" I mean that attitude which puts the own nation above humanity, above the principles of truth and justice; not the loving interest in one's own nation, which is the concern with the nation's spiritual as much as with its material welfare -- never with its power over other nations. Just as love for one individual which excludes the love for others is not love, love for one's country which is not part of one's love for humanity is not love, but idolatrous worship.
- 民族主義是一種亂倫、是偶像崇拜，是瘋狂。愛國主義則是這邪教的敬拜儀式。這應該不必講，愛國主義——我是說崇尚自己國家的人道精神，崇尚國家的真理和正義的紀律，而非盲目地愛着自己的國家，也就是有關這個國家的精神以及實質的社會福祉，絕非國家對其他國家的霸權。就像對一個人的愛意中包含着對別人的愛並不是愛，對國家的愛中不包含對人性的愛也不是愛，只是偶像崇拜。
- 埃里希·弗羅姆（Erich Fromm）
- Patriotism is the last refuge of a scoundrel.
- 愛國主義是無賴最後的避難所。
- 山繆·詹森（Samuel Johnson）
- Nationalism is an ideology which appeared in the West in the 18th century and was aimed at the replacement of empires by nation-states. The West used this new ideology as a violent poison to destroy the Ecumenical Ottoman Empire and beak it down into nation-states. It started in 1821 with the creation of Greece and ended in 1923 with the creation of Turkey. This Western imperialistic policy is known to historians as the Eastern Question. The Eastern Question is an exact repetition of the Western imperialistic policy against the Ecumenical Empire of Byzantium, from 1081 to 1204， the ancestor of the Ottoman Empire. As at the time nationalism did not exist, the West used religion to dismantle the Empire, i.e. the Roman Catholic Crusades against Islam and Christian Orthodoxy. The Fourth Crusade, in 1204, succeeded in dismantling the Byzantine Empire by destroying Constantinople and creating numerous independent states instead. Fortunately, with the help of the Byzantines, the Empire was reconstituted under the wise rule of the Fatih and the Ottomans in 1453.
- 民族主義是19世紀在西方出現的一種意識形態，旨在用民族國家取代帝國。西方使用這種新意識形態作為一種劇烈的毒藥來摧毀普世奧斯曼帝國並將其分裂成民族國家。它始於1821年希臘的創建，以1923年土耳其的創建結束。西方這種帝國主義政策被稱為「東方問題」。東方問題正是西方對拜占庭帝國的帝國主義政策的確切重複，從1081年到1204年，這是奧斯曼帝國的前身。由於當時民族主義尚未存在，西方利用宗教來解體帝國，即針對伊斯蘭教和基督教東正教的羅馬天主教十字軍東征。1204年的第四次十字軍東征成功地通過摧毀君士坦丁堡並取而代之創建了許多獨立國家來解體拜占庭帝國。幸運的是，在拜占庭人的幫助下，帝國在1453年在法蒂赫和奧斯曼人的英明統治下得以重建。
- 德米特里·克茲科斯（Dimitri Kitsikis）
- Every country's nationals have to pay for their ruler, because they are held accountable to a considerable extent.
- 任何國家的國民都要為他們的統治者付出代價，因為那在相當程度上都是他們自己造成的。
- 伯納德·蒙哥馬利（Bernard Montgomery）
- Patriotism is the willingness to kill and be killed for trivial reasons.
- 愛國主義就是積極地為了微不足道的原因殺人並被殺。
- 伯特蘭·羅素（Bertrand Russell）
- Patriotism is a pernicious, psychopathic form of idiocy.
- 愛國主義是一種有害的、精神錯亂的白癡形式。
- 喬治·伯納德·蕭（George Bernard Shaw）
- Patriotism is your conviction that this country is superior to all other countries because you were born in it.
- 愛國主義就是你確信：這個國家比所有其他的國家都要出色，只因為你生於斯。
- 喬治·伯納德·蕭（George Bernard Shaw）
- You will never have a quiet world until you knock the patriotism out of the human race.
- 除非你把愛國主義從人類中驅逐出去，你將永遠不會擁有一個寧靜的世界。
- 喬治·伯納德·蕭（George Bernard Shaw）
- The world before nationalism and democracy was a world of mild wars, small and effective governments, personal freedom, and civilized high culture… Note that, before the coming of nationalist democracy, it was actually not a problem at all for wealthy, high-IQ people to live in the same society as poor, low-IQ people. It worked just fine. The latter served the former.
- 在民族主義和民主尚未興起之前，那是一個戰爭較少、政府小而高效、個人自由和高度文明文化盛行的世界……請注意，在民族主義民主興起之前，對於富有的、高智商的人群與貧窮的、低智商的人群生活在同一個社會中，這並不是一個問題。這種社會結構運作得相當順暢。後者為前者服務。
- 柯蒂斯·雅文（Curtis Yarvin）
- A slave aware of his servitude and devoted to struggle is a hero, true man, and revolutionist.
- A slave ignorant of his servitude and living silently and submissively is an utter slave.
- A slave ignorant of his servitude and happy to admire his servitude is a flunky, accomplice, and shameless person.
- 意識到自己的奴隸地位而奮起作鬥爭的奴隸，是英雄、是好漢、是革命家；
- 未意識到自己的奴隸地位而默默無聞、昏昏噩噩生活着的奴隸，是十足的奴隸；
- 意識到自己的奴隸地位卻又津津樂道地讚美這種地位的奴隸，是奴才、是幫兇、是無恥之徒！
- 俄語諺語
- 現在有人對你們說：「犧牲你們個人的自由，去求國家的自由！」我對你們說：「爭取個人的自由，就是爭取國家的自由；爭取個人的人格，就是爭取國家的國格！自由平等的國家不是一群奴才建造得起來的！」
- 胡適
- 除非面對外族入侵帶來的主權領土的危機，否則的話，我從不認為「愛國主義」是個崇高的字眼。恰恰相反，在和平時期，聚集愛國主義大旗下的，不是卑鄙的政客，就是顛三倒四的瘋子。
- 劉曉波
- 民族國家在與殖民主義格鬥的同時卻在某種程度上落入文化本質主義的視野。民族主義扼殺了各種本土差異，壓抑了地方文學的多重可能，也化約了複數的地方文化傳統。[1]
- 柳書琴
- 從歷史觀點來看，幾乎所有掙脫威權枷鎖的政治運動，無不訴諸民族主義來加溫。在一定的歷史階段，恰當運用民族主義，必可帶來正面價值；但是，過了特定的歷史階段，仍然還耽溺在過當的民族主義，反而成為政治運動的包袱。[2]
- 在健康的社會，民族主義與民主政治應該是等值的。任何違背民主精神的民族主義，就不是民族主義。[3]
- 陳芳明
來源
[編輯]參見
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